Method and apparatus for operation of a marine vessel hybrid propulsion system

ABSTRACT

In one embodiment of a method for operation of a hybrid propulsion system for a marine vessel, in particular a navy vessel, including at least one electric motor and at least one internal combustion engine, in particular a gas turbine, as drive units, which, depending on the requirement, for example the vessel speed, individually of jointly drive at least one propulsion unit, for example a propeller of the marine vessel, the respective power outputs of the propulsion units to the at least one propulsion unit are, according to one embodiment of the present invention, controlled by a control device as a function of a predeterminable set value, for example a set value for the propeller rotation speed or the vessel speed, and a predeterminable operating mode such that the sum of these power outputs results in a total power, which is dependent on the set value, being output to the at least one propulsion unit, with this total power output being split between the power outputs of the individual drive units as a function of the set value and the operating mode.

The invention relates to a method for operation of a marine vessel hybrid propulsion system according to the precharacterizing clause of patent claim 1; a marine vessel hybrid propulsion system such as this is known, for example, from DE 100 63 338 B4. The invention also relates to an apparatus for carrying out the method.

WO02/47974 A1 discloses a marine vessel hybrid propulsion system having a variable-pitch propeller as a first propulsion unit, and having a main diesel engine and an electric motor as propulsion units for the first propulsion unit. The electric motor is switched on all the time and, in conjunction with the variable-pitch propeller, ensures that the main diesel engine is kept at an advantageous operating point. In addition, when the marine vessel is travelling at a given speed without any acceleration, the electric motor and the propeller are regulated such that the total fuel consumption for the main diesel engine and a diesel generator installation for production of electrical power for the electric motor is a minimum. The two propulsion units are therefore jointly and continuously mechanically coupled to the first propulsion unit, and also drive it jointly.

DE 101 11 910 A1 discloses a propulsion installation for marine vessels having two propellers which are arranged one behind the other and contrarotate as first propulsion units, and having a diesel engine and an electric motor as propulsion units, wherein the rear propeller is driven by a diesel engine, and the front propeller is driven by an electric motor. Each of the propulsion units is therefore mechanically coupled, or can be mechanically coupled, to just one propulsion unit, in order to drive it.

DE 100 63 338 B4 discloses a marine vessel hybrid propulsion system having an electric motor and an internal combustion engine, which is in the form of a gas turbine, as propulsion units, which individually or jointly drive a propeller of a marine vessel depending on the requirement, for example the marine vessel speed. In this case, the internal combustion engine drives the propeller at high speeds, and the electric motor drives the propeller at low speeds. The two propulsion units can for this purpose be coupled to the propeller at least at times.

Hybrid propulsion systems such as these or similar hybrid propulsion systems, for example having two electric motors, one gas turbine and two propellers, will be used in the future in particular for navy vessels, such as frigates or corvettes, and on superyachts. Marine vessels such as these should on the one hand flexibly allow operation optimized to a specific operational situation. For example, there may be a requirement for marine vessel operation with emissions which are as low as possible in order to reduce the capability to detect the marine vessel, operation with a maximum acceleration capability in a battle situation, or operation in which the fuel consumption is as low as possible.

On the other hand, these marine vessels should be operated with a crew which is as small as possible. This is generally possible without any problems if the crew is not subject to external influences, such as time pressure. However, in the event of physical and/or psychological stress, for example in the event of a battle, this can lead to errors and therefore to the selection of operating states of the hybrid propulsion system which are not optimum for the currently envisaged purpose.

One object of the present invention is therefore to specify a method by means of which it is possible to ensure that the hybrid propulsion system can be operated optimally in an existing operational situation, particularly when the marine vessel has only a small crew. A further object of the present invention is to specify an apparatus which is particularly suitable for carrying out the method.

The object relating to the method is achieved according to the invention by a method as claimed in patent claim 1. An apparatus which is suitable for carrying out the method is the subject matter of patent claim 19. Advantageous refinements are in each case the subject matter of the dependent claims.

The method according to the invention envisages that the respective power outputs of the propulsion units to the at least one propulsion unit are controlled by a control device as a function of a predeterminable nominal value, for example a nominal value for the propeller rotation speed or the marine vessel speed, and a predeterminable operating mode, such that a total power which is dependent on the nominal value is emitted to the at least one propulsion unit as a result of the sum of these power outputs, wherein this total power output is split between the power outputs of the individual propulsion units as a function of the nominal value and of the operating mode.

The operating points of the individual propulsion units can be influenced via the split in the total power between the propulsion units, thus allowing an optimum operating point to be selected for the hybrid propulsion system for a predetermined operating mode. The operating points of the individual propulsion units themselves need not in this case necessarily be at an optimum. The essential factor is that the operating point of the overall system, that is to say of the overall hybrid propulsion system, preferably including internal combustion engines for production of electrical power for the at least one electric motor.

For this purpose, during the operation of the hybrid propulsion system, the at least one or each propulsion unit is mechanically firmly coupled or at least can be mechanically firmly coupled to preferably in each case at least two propulsion units, preferably to in each case at least one electric motor and to at least one internal combustion engine. The at least one or each propulsion unit can then be driven by only a single one of the propulsion units or, in the case of a joint drive, simultaneously by the at least two propulsion units. Different operating characteristics of the propulsion units, in particular such as those between an internal combustion engine and an electric motor, can then be utilized particularly well, in order to set an optimum operating point for the overall system.

The at least one internal combustion engine, and preferably also the at least one electric motor, is preferably mechanically not fixedly coupled to a propulsion unit to be driven but is mechanically coupled to and mechanically decoupled from the propulsion unit to be driven by it as required during operation of the hybrid propulsion system. A propulsion unit which is not required for driving a propulsion unit at times during the operation of the hybrid propulsion system can then be decoupled from the propulsion unit and need then not also be moved by the propulsion unit or units which is or are driving the propulsion unit. This is particularly advantageous in the case of the at least one internal combustion engine, with its frequently relatively large mass to be moved.

In this case, the connection or disconnection of propulsion units to and from the at least one propulsion unit can simultaneously also be controlled via the control of the power split, preferably including mechanical coupling and decoupling of propulsion units to and from the at least one propulsion unit. The control of the coupling or decoupling of propulsion units advantageously also includes at least the coupling and decoupling of the at least one internal combustion engine, preferably additionally also the coupling and decoupling of the at least one electric motor.

Since control by the crew requires only the presetting of a small number of control parameters (for example a nominal value for the propeller rotation speed, operating mode), optimized operation of the marine vessel can be ensured even when the crew is only small, and at the same time the crew are also subject to physical and/or psychological stress.

The predeterminable operating mode may in this case be, for example, an operating mode in which the exhaust-gas emissions and/or noise emissions and/or the heat emissions from the hybrid propulsion system, preferably including internal combustion engines, for production of the electrical power for the at least one electric motor, a minimum.

However, the predeterminable operating mode may also be an operating mode in which the total fuel consumption of the hybrid propulsion system, preferably including the internal combustion engines for production of the electrical power for the at least one electric motor, is a minimum.

The total power output and the split in the total power output between the propulsion units can be controlled particularly easily and exactly on the basis of characteristic data and/or characteristic lines of the assembly of the propulsion units.

Different characteristic data and/or characteristic lines is or are in each case preferably stored for different operating modes in the control device, wherein the characteristic data and/or characteristic lines which is or are relevant for control of the power split for a predeterminable operating mode is or are selected as a function of the predeterminable operating mode.

In this case, the nominal value can be predetermined by a manually operable speed lever or an autopilot system.

The power output from a propulsion unit is preferably connected to or disconnected from a propulsion unit without any torque surges.

According to one particularly advantageous refinement, each of the propulsion units can emit a maximum power which is less than the total power required as a maximum for forward propulsion of the marine vessel. At least two propulsion units therefore need to contribute to achieving the maximum required total power. Since, in normal circumstances, the maximum required total power is required only rarely, the propulsion units can be designed to be optimized for a lower power level, thus reducing the fuel consumption, the space required and the weight of the propulsion units.

The electric motor can preferably emit torque continuously variably at a rotation speed range from zero up to the maximum rotation speed of the propulsion unit or units, below its limit characteristic line. If required, it is in this case operated in the speed variation by field control range at high rotation speeds up to the maximum rotation speed. The electric motor can therefore be utilized particularly flexibly for setting desired optimum operating points of the hybrid propulsion system, without torque surges, over the entire rotation speed range of the propulsion units.

The control device advantageously controls the total power output and/or the split in the total power output between the power outputs of the individual propulsion units, additionally taking account of limit values for their rate of change. Limits such as these, for example acceleration or deceleration limits, make it possible to take account of time constants of the marine vessel propeller with respect to the production of the thrust from the propeller in the water or for the production of the electrical power for the electric motor. Power components such as motors, converters, switches, etc. can therefore be protected against thermal overloading and adverse effects of marine vessel operation can be avoided, for example resulting from unacceptably high fluctuations in the voltage and/or the frequency of the vessel power supply system.

Ripples in actual values, which correspond to the nominal value, for example in actual values recorded by rotation speed sensors for the rotation speed of a propeller shaft, which ripples are caused by torque fluctuations in the propulsion units, are advantageously suppressed in the control of the power outputs of the propulsion units. Hence, propulsion torque fluctuations and therefore noise emissions of the marine vessel can be counteracted, which arise when a propeller is subjected to torque fluctuations in the water being travelled in.

The control device preferably additionally controls the split in the total power output as a function of the rate of change of the nominal value. This makes it possible to avoid unnecessary coupling and gearbox switching processes, thus achieving a high acceleration capability.

Particularly good capabilities for optimization of the fuel consumption are achieved if the at least one electric motor is used as the main propulsion system for propulsion of the marine vessel for a lower speed range of the marine vessel, and the at least one internal combustion engine is used on its own or in conjunction with the at least one electric motor as the main propulsion system for a higher speed range of the marine vessel up to the maximum speed.

According to one particularly advantageous refinement, in this case, in the lower speed range, the at least one electric motor carries out the rotation speed control of the propulsion unit or units and, in the higher speed range, the at least one internal combustion engine carries out the rotation speed control of the propulsion unit or units, wherein, when the at least one electric motor is being operated together with the at least one internal combustion engine, the internal combustion engine carries out the rotation speed control of the propulsion unit or units, and the rotation speed of the electric motor is controlled by the propulsion unit or by the internal combustion engine and, governed by the nominal value preset, emits a torque to the propulsion unit or units such that the power which is respectively emitted by the internal combustion engine and the electric motor is added in the propulsion unit or units.

The method is advantageously used for a hybrid propulsion system which has two and only two electric motors and one and only one gas turbine as propulsion units, and two and only two propeller shafts each having one propeller as propulsion units, wherein the propeller shafts are passed through a gearbox via which the propeller shafts can be coupled to the gas turbine, and wherein each of the propeller shafts can be coupled to in each case one of the electric motors at its end remote from the propeller, without an intermediate gearbox.

An apparatus which is particularly suitable for carrying out the method has a nominal value transmitter for presetting a nominal value, for example a nominal value for the rotation speed of a propeller or for the marine vessel speed, an operating mode transmitter for presetting an operating mode, and a control device which is designed to control the power output of each of the propulsion units to the at least one propulsion unit such that a total power which is dependent on the nominal value can be emitted to the at least one propulsion unit as a result of the sum of these power outputs, and in this case this total power output is split between the power outputs of the individual propulsion units as a function of the nominal value and of the operating mode.

Preferably, during the operation of the hybrid propulsion system, the at least one or each propulsion unit is in this case preferably mechanically fixedly coupled or at least can be mechanically fixedly coupled to in each case at least two propulsion units, preferably to in each case at least one electric motor and to at least one internal combustion engine.

Advantageously, the at least one internal combustion engine, preferably also the at least one electric motor, can be mechanically coupled to the propulsion unit to be driven and/or can be decoupled therefrom as a function of the requirement during operation of the hybrid propulsion system.

In this case, the control device is advantageously designed to also control the connection or disconnection of the propulsion units to and from the at least one propulsion unit via the control of the power split, preferably including mechanical coupling or decoupling of propulsion units, in particular of the at least one internal combustion engine, to and from the at least one propulsion unit.

In this case, the nominal value transmitter may be a manually operable speed lever or an autopilot system.

According to one particularly advantageous refinement, the apparatus has propulsion system controllers, which are associated with the individual propulsion units, for controlling their respective power output, wherein the control device controls the power output of the propulsion units by presetting rotation speed nominal values or torque nominal values for the propulsion system controllers.

In order to protect power components against thermal overloading and against adverse effects of the marine vessel operation, the control device may have limiting means for limiting the rates of change of the total power output and/or the split in the total power output between the individual propulsion units.

Advantageously, the apparatus for controlling the power outputs of the propulsion units has sensors for detection of at least one actual value, which corresponds to the at least one nominal value, for example of an actual value for the rotation speed of a propeller shaft, and filter means for suppression of ripples in the actual values caused by torque fluctuations of the propulsion units.

The advantages mentioned in conjunction with the method according to the invention and its advantageous refinements apply in a corresponding manner to the apparatus according to the invention and to its advantageous refinements.

The invention and further advantageous refinements of the invention according to features of the dependent claims will be explained in more detail in the following text with reference to exemplary embodiments in the figures, in which:

FIG. 1 shows one example of a hybrid propulsion system for a single-shaft marine vessel,

FIG. 2 shows one example of a hybrid propulsion system for a two-shaft marine vessel,

FIG. 3 shows an outline illustration in order to explain the operating method according to the invention,

FIG. 4 shows a family of characteristics for controlling the power output of the propulsion sets of a hybrid propulsion system,

FIG. 5 shows a family of characteristics for a gas turbine with a variable-pitch propeller installation, and

FIG. 6 shows a hybrid propulsion system with an apparatus according to the invention.

A hybrid propulsion system 1 as shown in FIG. 1 for a single-shaft marine vessel has an electric motor 2 and a gas turbine 3 as propulsion units, and a propulsion unit 4 comprising a propeller shaft 4 a with a fixed-pitch or variable-pitch propeller 4 b. The propeller shaft 4 a is passed through a gearbox 6 via which the propeller shaft 4 a can be coupled to the gas turbine 3. At its end remote from the propeller 4 b, the propeller shaft 4 a is connected to the electric motor 2, without an intermediate gearbox. The electric motor 2 is supplied with electrical power via a converter 7 (current intermediate-circuit converter or voltage intermediate-circuit converter) and a converter transformer 8 from a power distribution installation 10 (generally a medium-voltage switchgear assembly and sometimes also a low-voltage switchgear assembly). The electric motor 2, the converter 7 and the converter transformer 8 form an electrical propulsion system 9.

The electrical power is produced by a power production installation 11, in which generally a plurality of internal combustion engines 12, for example diesel engines or gas turbines, each drive a generator 13, in general a polyphase synchronous machine.

A hybrid propulsion system 1 as shown in FIG. 2 for a two-shaft marine vessel, in contrast to this, have two electrical propulsion systems 9 each having an electric motor 2, each of which drives in each case one propulsion unit 4 directly, that is to say without an intermediate gearbox. The gas turbine 3 can be coupled to both propeller shafts 4 a by means of the gearbox 6. In order to improve the resistance to failure, the two electrical propulsion systems 9 are each fed from different power distribution installations 10 and power production installations 11.

Both in the case of the hybrid propulsion system shown in FIG. 1 and in the case of the hybrid propulsion system shown in FIG. 2, the propulsion units 2, 3 drive the propulsion unit or units 4 individually or in conjunction depending on the requirement, for example the marine-vessel speed. The electric motor or motors 2 is or are in this case used as main propulsion systems for driving the propulsion unit or units 4 for a lower speed range (for example up to and including cruise speed), and the gas turbine 3 is used on its own or with the electric motor or motors 2 as the main propulsion system for a higher speed range (for example speeds above cruise speed) up to the maximum speed.

In this case, each of the propulsion units 2, 3 may emit a maximum power which is less than the total power required as a maximum for forward propulsion of the marine vessel.

As is illustrated in simplified form in FIG. 3 for the case of the hybrid propulsion system 1 as shown in FIG. 2, the electric motors 2 and the gas turbine 3 are controlled, with respect to their respective power output P_(E) and P_(G) to the propulsion units 4, by a superordinate control device 15 as a function of a predeterminable nominal value S, for example a nominal value for the rotation speed of the propeller 4 b or for the marine-vessel speed, and a predeterminable operating mode B, such that a total power P_(S) which is dependent on the nominal value S is emitted to the propulsion units 4 by the sum of these power outputs and, in this case, this total power output is split between the power outputs P_(E) and P_(G) of the electric motors 2 and of the gas turbine 3, that is to say the level of the respective power elements P_(E) and P_(G) to be emitted by the three propulsion units 2, 3 in order to achieve the total power P_(S)=P_(E)+P_(G)+P_(E), as a function of the nominal value S and the predeterminable operating mode B.

The superordinate control device 15 receives the nominal value S from a nominal value transmitter, for example a speed lever on the bridge or from an autopilot system, and the operating mode B from an operating-mode transmitter, for example an operating-mode selection switch, which is arranged on the bridge.

In order to control the power outputs P_(E), P_(G) of the propulsion units 2, 3 as a function of a predetermined nominal value S and a predetermined operating mode B, the superordinate control device 15 passes nominal values S_(E), S_(G) (for example nominal values for the rotation speed or for the torque) to propulsion system controllers, which are not illustrated in any more detail, for the propulsion units 2, 3.

The superordinate control device 15 uses the nominal values S_(E)/S_(G) to control the total power output and the split of the total power to be output between the electric motors 2 and the gas turbine 3, and automatically sets optimum operating points for the predetermined operating mode B.

In this case, the predeterminable operating mode B may be an operating mode in which the exhaust-gas emissions and/or the noise emissions and/or the heat emissions from the hybrid propulsion system 1, preferably including the internal combustion engines 12 for production of the electrical power for the electric motors 2, are a minimum. The predeterminable operating mode B may also be an operating mode in which the total fuel consumption of the hybrid propulsion system 1, preferably including the internal combustion engines 12 for production of the electrical power for the electric motors 2, is a minimum.

In this case, the superordinate control device 15 controls the total power output P_(S) and/or the split in the total power output P_(S) between the individual propulsion units 2, 3 by additionally taking into account limit values for their rate of change, and therefore protects the power components, such as the motors 2 and converters 7, against overloading.

In this case, the open-loop and closed-loop control of the power outputs of the propulsion units 2, 3 suppresses ripples, caused by torque fluctuations in the propulsion units 4, in actual values which correspond to the nominal value, for example in actual values, detected by rotation-speed sensors, for the rotation speed of the propeller shafts 4 a.

In order to control the total power output and the split in the total power output P_(S) between the individual propulsion units 2, 3, characteristic lines and/or characteristic data are/is stored in the superordinate control device 15, describing the relationship between the nominal value S, for example the propeller rotation speed or the marine-vessel speed, the respective power output and operating parameters which are characterized by the respective operating mode, for example the fuel consumption, the noise emissions, the exhaust-gas emissions, the heat emissions, heat losses in the rotor systems in the case of machines with superconducting rotor windings, etc. Furthermore, the characteristic lines describe the maximum possible power output.

By way of example, FIG. 4 shows how the total power output and the split in the total power output between the power outputs P_(E), P_(G) of the individual propulsion units 2, 3 is determined by way of characteristic lines in the superordinate control device 15 for consumption-optimized operation as a function of a nominal value S for the propeller rotation speed n.

This is based on the assumption that the maximum power which can be output by one of the propulsion units 2, 3 is less than the total power required as a maximum for forward propulsion of the marine vessel, although the sum of the maximum powers which can be output from the individual propulsion units 2, 3 corresponds to the maximum total power required for full propulsion of the marine vessel.

The characteristic lines 20, 21, 22, 23 (so-called “limit characteristic lines”) illustrated in FIG. 4 describe the respective maximum power P which can be output (with respect to the maximum power P_(N) which can be output in total by the overall propulsion system) plotted against the propeller rotation speed n (with respect to the maximum rotation speed n_(N)) for each of the propulsion units 2, 3, and for the propulsion units 2, 3 being operated together. A first characteristic line 20 indicates the maximum power of a single electric motor 2, a second characteristic line 21 indicates the maximum power of the two electric motors 2 being operated together, a third characteristic line 22 indicates the maximum power of the gas turbine 3, and a fourth characteristic line 24 indicates the maximum power of the two electric motors 2 and the gas turbine 3 being operated together, plotted against the rotation speed n.

The limit characteristic line which is relevant for the respective propulsion unit is stored in the propulsion system controllers for the propulsion units 2, 3, that is to say the limit characteristic line 20 in the propulsion system controllers for the electric motors 2 and the limit characteristic line 22 in the propulsion system controllers for the gas turbine 3.

The characteristic lines 21 for two propulsion units 2 being operated together and the characteristic line 23 for two propulsion units 2 and a propulsion unit 3 being operated together are in contrast stored in the superordinate control device 15. The superordinate control device 15 may, however, also access limit characteristic lines stored in the propulsion system controllers.

The electric motors 2 can output torque continuously variably below their limit characteristic line 20, in a rotation-speed range from zero up to the maximum rotation speed n_(N) of the propeller shafts 4.

A first propeller characteristic line 24 describes the power consumption behavior for steady-state operating points in normal operating conditions. A second propeller characteristic line 25 in contrast shows the power consumption behavior for steady-state operating points in severe operating conditions, in the event of increased drag on the marine vessel (for example as a result of the sea state or growth) etc. and a third propeller characteristic line 26 describes the power consumption behavior for steady-state operating points in light operating conditions, with reduced marine-vessel drag resulting from smooth water, and in the case of low marine-vessel drag (for example with a new marine vessel), etc.

After the electric motors 2 have been started and the rotation-speed nominal value has been released, the rotation speed of the electric motors 2 is immediately set from zero to a minimum rotation speed n₀ (for example 30 rpm), in order to ensure adequate lubrication of the shaft bearings. The rotation-speed range N₀ is therefore in principle not an operating range.

If a rotation-speed nominal value from the rotation-speed range N_(E) is preset for the control device 15 in normal operating conditions (propeller characteristic line 24) and with a “minimum fuel consumption” operating mode selected, then the electric motors 2 have a lower specific consumption than the gas turbine 3. In this rotation-speed range N_(E) the power split between the propulsion units 2, 3 is therefore controlled such that only the electric motors 2 output power to the propulsion units 4.

In this case, 50% of the required total power may be provided by each of the two electric motors 2 and may be output to the respective propeller shaft 4 a. The two electric motors 2 are then coupled to the propeller shafts 4 a. The gas turbine 3 and the gearbox 6 are in contrast decoupled from the propeller shafts 4 a. The preset rotation-speed nominal value is passed on from the superordinate control device 15 to the propulsion system controllers for the electric motors 2. The power of the electric motors 2 is then increased by the propulsion system controllers thereof along an acceleration curve which is stored in the propulsion system controllers, until the propeller shafts 4 a have reached the preset rotation-speed nominal value. The rotation speed of the propeller shafts 4 a is therefore controlled by the electric motors 2.

When the end of the rotation-speed range N_(E) is reached, because a rotation-speed nominal value S from the rotation-speed range N_(G) for gas turbine operation has now been preset or because the electric motors 2 do not reach the rotation-speed nominal value (for example because of a heavy sea, see the propeller curve 25), then power must be produced by the gas turbine 3. The gas turbine 3 and the associated auxiliary sets are therefore started. This can be done either automatically by the superordinate control device 15 or only in response to a request from the superordinate control device 15 to the bridge, asking whether gas-turbine operation is desired, and express confirmation by the bridge.

The superordinate control device 15 then passes an appropriate rotation-speed nominal value to the propulsion system controller for the gas turbine 3, in response to which the rotation speed of the gas turbine 3 is accelerated. As soon as the rotation speed of the gas turbine 3 and of the gearbox 6 is greater than the rotation speed of the propeller shafts 4 a, the gearbox 6 is coupled to the propeller shafts 4 a, and the superordinate control device 15 switches the rotation-speed nominal-value control from the electric motors 2 to the gas turbine 3. In this case, the rotation-speed nominal value is in the rotation-speed range N_(G).

The power control for the propulsion system controller for the gas turbine 3 now comes into action, and the gas turbine 3 outputs its power to the propeller shafts 4 a, while at the same time the electric motors 2 are switched over from rotation-speed control to torque control. Because of the position of the rotation-speed nominal value in the rotation-speed range N_(G), the torque nominal value or current nominal value for the electric motors 2 is in this case set to zero, and their power is therefore reduced. When the current nominal value of the electric motors 2 has reached zero, the electric motors 2 are decoupled from the propeller shafts 4 a after a preselected time. The rotation speed of the propeller shafts 4 a is now controlled by the propulsion system controller for the gas turbine 3, along an acceleration curve, at the desired nominal value. The rotation speed of the propeller shafts 4 a is therefore controlled by the gas turbine 3.

In this case the gas turbine 3 is always as far as possible operated with the best efficiency and therefore at the optimum specific consumption, for example on the basis of a family of characteristic lines as shown in FIG. 5 and with which a person skilled in the art will be familiar, in conjunction with the variable-pitch propellers 4 b. In this case, n_(G) denotes the rotation speed of the gas turbine, P_(G) the power of the gas turbine, P*/D the pitch ratio of the variable-pitch propeller, vm the maximum marine-vessel speed, b_(em) the maximum specific fuel consumption in kg/(kW*h) and P_(TNN) the rated power or useful power of the gas turbine.

If the end of the rotation-speed range N_(G) is reached, because a rotation-speed nominal value is now preset from the rotation-speed range N_(V) for joint operation or because the gas turbine 3 (for example because of a heavy sea, see the propeller curve 25) does not reach the preset rotation-speed nominal value, then power must additionally be output from the electric motors 2 to the propulsion units 4, and the electric motors 2 are started. This can be done either automatically by the superordinate control device 15 or only in response to a request from the superordinate control device 15 to the bridge, asking whether joints operation is desired, and express confirmation by the bridge.

For this purpose, the electric motors 2 are brought into the region of the propeller shaft rotation speed, and are then coupled to the respective propeller shaft 4 a. Torque regulation of the electric motors 2 is then enabled, corresponding to the rotation-speed nominal value S, and the current of the electric motors 2 is increased until the rotation speed reaches the rotation-speed nominal value S.

When the electric motors 2 are being operated together with the gas turbine 3, the gas turbine 3 therefore controls the rotation speed of the propulsion unit 4. The rotation speeds of the electric motors are controlled by the propulsion units 4 and by the gas turbine 3 and, governed by the nominal value preset, output a torque to the propulsion units 4 such that the powers in each case output from the gas turbine 3 and from the electric motor 2 are added in the propulsion units 4.

The power split between the gas turbine 3 and the electric motors 2 is in this case controlled by the superordinate control device 15 as a function of the nominal value S and the predetermined operating mode B.

In the consumption-optimized operating mode, the gas turbine 3 is controlled in the rotation-speed range N_(V) for joint operation, for example always at the optimum of its specific consumption. The electric motors 2 produce only the difference power which is required to reach the rotation-speed nominal value S.

In the acceleration-optimized operating mode, the control device 15 additionally controls the power split as a function of the rate of change of the nominal value. For example, at a very low rotation speed in the rotation-speed range N_(E) for electric-motor operation, if a rotation-speed nominal value from the rotation-speed range N_(V) is preset, the gas turbine 3 is already connected to the propeller shafts 4 a in the rotation-speed range N_(E).

FIG. 6 shows a hybrid propulsion system 1 for a two-shaft marine vessel having an apparatus 50 which is particularly suitable for carrying out the method as explained above. The hybrid propulsion system 1 has two electrical propulsion systems 9 and a gas turbine 3 as propulsion units for driving two propulsion units 4 each comprising a propeller shaft 4 a and a variable-pitch propeller 4 b. The propulsion units 4 can in this case be driven individually and jointly by the propulsion units 2, 3. The propeller shafts 4 a can for this purpose be connected at the end remote from the propeller 5 to a respective electrical propulsion system 9 by means of a clutch 30, without any intermediate gearbox. The gas turbine 3 can be coupled to the propeller shafts 4 a by means of a gearbox 6 and quick-action couplings 31. Power can also be transmitted via the gearbox 6 from only one electrical propulsion system 9 to both propeller shafts 4 a. Each of the electrical propulsion systems 9 comprises an electric motor, a converter and a converter transformer (see FIGS. 1 and 2), and is supplied with electrical power via a power distribution installation 10, with this power being produced by diesel generator sets 14.

The apparatus 50 has a machine telegraph or speed lever 41 installed in the bridge control station, or an autopilot system, as the nominal value transmitter for a nominal value S for the rotation speed for the propulsion units 4. Alternatively, the nominal value can also be preset by machine telegraphs or a speed lever 42 in other control stations, for example in the machine control station, or by an emergency telegraph 43.

The apparatus 50 also has an operating mode selection switch 44 which is installed in the bridge control station, for the marine-vessel crew to preset a desired operating mode B. The operating-mode selection switch 44 is in this case in the form of a selection panel on a control interface indicated on a monitor.

Furthermore, the apparatus 50 has a control device 15 which is designed to control the respective power output of the propulsion units 2, 3 to the propulsion units 4 such that a total power which is dependent on the nominal value S can be output to the propulsion units 4 as a result of the sum of these power outputs, wherein the split in this total power output between the power outputs of the individual propulsion units 2, 3 is a function of the nominal value S and the preset operating mode B. For this purpose, the characteristic lines 21, 23 for joint operation of the propulsion units 2, 3 are stored in the control device 15.

The apparatus 50 furthermore has propulsion system controllers 32, which are associated with the individual propulsion units 2, 3, for open-loop and closed-loop control of their respective power output, wherein the control device 15 controls the power output of the propulsion units 2, 3 by presetting rotation-speed nominal values or torque nominal values for the propulsion system controllers 32. These nominal values are supplied to the propulsion system controllers 32 from the control device 15 via control lines 33.

The superordinate control device 15 is also connected via control lines 34 to a gearbox control system 35 and to control devices, which are not shown in any more detail, for the couplings 30, 31. This allows the superordinate control device 15 to control the gearbox settings (including the associated auxiliary sets) as well as the coupling positions, and therefore to connect and disconnect the individual propulsion units 2, 3 specifically to the propeller shafts 4 a.

In order to control the pitch angle on the variable-pitch propellers 4 b, the superordinate control device 15 is connected via control lines 36 to control systems 37 for the variable-pitch propellers 4 b.

Furthermore, in order to control the electrical power production and distribution, the superordinate control device 15 is also connected via control lines 38 to control systems 39, 40 for the power generator sets 14 and the power distribution installation 10.

The control device 15 comprises limiting means 51 for limiting the rates of change of the total power output and/or the split of the total power output between the individual propulsion units. The limiting means 51 may in this case be in the form of hardware and/or software.

In order to allow the propulsion system controllers 32 to control the power outputs of the propulsion units 2, 3, the apparatus 50 also has sensors 52 for detection of actual values for the rotation speed of the propeller shafts 4 a, as well as filter means 53 for suppression of ripples, in the actual values, caused by torque fluctuations in the propulsion units 4. The filter means 53 may in this case be in the form of hardware and/or software.

In order to control the total power output to the individual propulsion units 2, 3 as a function of the rate of change of the nominal value S, for example in the event of a rapid change in the nominal value from the rotation-speed range N_(E) for electric-motor operation to the rotation-speed range N_(V) for joint operation, the control device 15 has acceleration control means 54, which may be in the form of software and/or hardware.

In this case, the lines 33, 34, 36, 38 and/or 55 need not be in the form of discrete lines, but may also be in the form of a communication bus.

The superordinate control device 15 is preferably in a redundant form, in particular with at least one such control device 15 on the bridge and one at an emergency control station, for example in the stern of the marine vessel, since the control device 15 represents the essential part of the propulsion system controller for the marine vessel, and must therefore always be available. 

1. A method for operation of a hybrid propulsion system of a marine vessel including at least one electric motor and at least one internal combustion engine, drive units, which individually or jointly drive at least one propulsion unit, the method comprising: controlling as a function of a nominal value and a determinable operating mode, via a control device, respective power outputs of the drive units to the at least one propulsion unit such that a total power which is dependent on the nominal value is emitted to the at least one propulsion unit as a result of the sum of the power outputs, wherein the total power output is split between power outputs of the drive units as a function of the nominal value and of the operating mode.
 2. The method as claimed in claim 1, wherein during operation of the hybrid propulsion system, the at least one propulsion unit is at least one of mechanically firmly coupled and capable of being mechanically firmly coupled to the at least one electric motor and the at least one internal combustion engine.
 3. The method as claimed in claim 1, wherein during operation of the hybrid propulsion system, the at least one internal combustion engine is mechanically coupled to the at least one propulsion unit to be driven and is decoupled therefrom as a function of the requirement.
 4. The method as claimed in claim 1, wherein a connection or disconnection of the drive units to and from the at least one propulsion unit is controlled via the control of the power split.
 5. The method as claimed in claim 1, wherein the determinable operating mode is an operating mode in which at least one of exhaust-gas emissions noise emissions and the heat emissions from the hybrid propulsion system are a minimum.
 6. The method as claimed in claim 1, wherein the determinable operating mode is an operating mode in which the total fuel consumption of the hybrid propulsion system is a minimum.
 7. The method as claimed in claim 1, wherein the total power output and the splitting of the total power output between the propulsion units are controlled on the basis of at least one of characteristic data and characteristic lines of the assembly of the drive units.
 8. The method as claimed in claim 7, wherein at least one of different characteristic data and different characteristics stored for different operating modes in the control device, wherein the at least one of characteristic data and characteristic lines which is relevant for control of the power split for a determinable operating mode is or are selected as a function of the determinable operating mode.
 9. The method as claimed in claim 1, wherein the nominal value is determined by a manually controllable speed lever or an autopilot system.
 10. The method as claimed in claim 1, wherein a power output from at least one of the drive units is connected to or disconnected from a propulsion unit without any torque surges.
 11. The method as claimed in claim 1, wherein each of the drive units capable of emitting a maximum power which is less than the total power required as a maximum for fuel propulsion of the marine vessel.
 12. The method as claimed in claim 1, wherein the at least one electric motor is capable of emitting torque continuously variably at a rotation speed range from zero up to the maximum rotation speed of the at least one propulsion unit, below its limit characteristic line.
 13. The method as claimed in claim 1, wherein at least one of the total power output and the split in the total power output between the drive units is controlled taking account of limit values for their rate of change.
 14. The method as claimed in claim 1, wherein ripples in actual values, which correspond to the nominal value are suppressed in the control of the power outputs of the drive units.
 15. The method as claimed in claim 1, wherein the split of the total power output is additionally controlled as a function of rate of change of the nominal value.
 16. The method as claimed in claim 1, wherein the at least one electric motor is used as the main propulsion system for propulsion of the marine vessel for a lower speed range of the marine vessel, and the at least one internal combustion engine is used on its own or in conjunction with the at least one electric motor, as the main propulsion system for a higher speed range of the marine vessel up to the maximum speed.
 17. The method as claimed in claim 1, wherein, in the lower speed range, the at least one electric motor carries out the rotation speed control of the at least one propulsion unit and, in the higher speed range, the at least one internal combustion engine carries out the rotation speed control of the at least one propulsion unit, wherein, when the at least one electric motor is being operated together with the at least one internal combustion engine, the internal combustion engine carries out the rotation speed control of the at least one propulsion unit, and the rotation speed of the electric motor is controlled by the at least one propulsion unit or by the internal combustion engine and, governed by the nominal value preset, emits a torque to the at least one propulsion unit such that the torques which are respectively emitted by the internal combustion engine and the electric motor are added in the at least one propulsion unit.
 18. The method as claimed in claim 1, wherein a hybrid propulsion system is used which has two and only two electric motors and one and only one gas turbine as the drive units, and two and only two propeller shafts each having one propeller as the at least one propulsion units, wherein the propeller shafts are passed through a gearbox via which the propeller shafts are coupleable to the gas turbine, and wherein each of the propeller shafts are coupleable to one of the electric motors at its end remote from the propeller, without an intermediate gearbox.
 19. An apparatus a hybrid propulsion system in a marine vessel including at least one electric motor and at least one internal combustion engine drive units which individually or jointly drive at least one propulsion unit, the apparatus comprising: a nominal value transmitter for presetting a nominal value; an operating mode transmitter for presetting an operating mode; and a control device designed to control the power output of each of the propulsion units to the at least one propulsion unit such that a total power which is dependent on the nominal value is emittable to the at least one propulsion unit as a result of the sum of the power outputs, and the total power output being split between power outputs of the drive units as a function of the nominal value and of the operating mode.
 20. The apparatus as claimed in claim 19, wherein, during operation of the hybrid propulsion system, the at least one propulsion unit is mechanically firmly coupled or capable of being mechanically firmly coupled to at least two drive units.
 21. The apparatus as claimed in claim 19, wherein the at least one internal combustion engine is at least one of mechanically coupleable to the at least one propulsion unit to be driven and decoupleable therefrom as a function of the requirement during operation of the hybrid propulsion system.
 22. The method as claimed in claim 19, wherein the control device is designed to also control the connection or disconnection of the propulsion units to and from the at least one propulsion unit via the control of the power split to and from the at least one propulsion unit.
 23. The apparatus as claimed in claim 19, wherein the nominal value transmitter is a manually operable speed lever or an autopilot system.
 24. The apparatus as claimed in claim 19, wherein propulsion system controllers, which are associated with the individual propulsion units, for controlling their respective power output, and wherein the control device controls the power output of the drive units by presetting rotation speed nominal values or torque nominal values for the propulsion system controllers.
 25. The apparatus as claimed in claim 19, wherein at least one of characteristic data and characteristic lines of the propulsion units are stored in the control device, in order to control at least one of the total power output and the split in the total power output between the power outputs of individual ones of the drive units.
 26. The apparatus as claimed in claim 19, wherein the control device includes at least one limiting device for limiting the rates of change of at least one of the total power output and the split in the total power output between individual ones of the drive units.
 27. The apparatus as claimed in claim 19, wherein, in order to control the power output of the drive units, the apparatus includes sensors for detection of at least one actual value, which corresponds to the at least one nominal value and at least one filter device for suppression of ripples in the actual values caused by torque fluctuations of the at least one propulsion units.
 28. The apparatus as claimed in claim 19, wherein the control device additionally controls the split in the total power output between individual ones of the drive units as a function of the rate of change of the nominal value.
 29. The apparatus as claimed in claim 19, wherein the control device is provided in a redundant form.
 30. The method as claimed in claim 2, wherein, during operation of the hybrid propulsion system, the at least one internal combustion engine is mechanically coupled to the at least one propulsion unit to be driven and is decoupled therefrom as a function of the requirement.
 31. The apparatus as claimed in claim 20, wherein the at least one internal combustion engine is at least one of mechanically coupleable to the at least one propulsion unit to be driven and decoupleable therefrom as a function of the requirement during operation of the hybrid propulsion system.
 32. The apparatus as claimed in claim 29, wherein the control device is provided at least once on the bridge and once at an emergency control station. 